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© B J Burford 2003-2007
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| LIST OF CONTENTS | |||
Studies |
Studies |
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| Study 1 | I, you, he, she, it, welcome | Study 22 | Combined verbs: can do |
| Study 2 | Pronunciation | Study 23 | Yes; No; Not |
| Study 3 | Tonal marks; plural; good | Study 24 | "Measure words" |
| Study 4 | Questioning "is it so?" | Study 25 | Comparison; gender |
| Study 5 | very, indeed; not | Study 26 | Vocabulary review 1-25 |
| Study 6 | Verbs: be; know of | ||
| Study 7 | one; a; friend; measure word "…ge" | Appendices |
|
| Study 8 | person; this, that one | Appendix A | Greetings |
| Study 9 | these, those ones | Appendix B | Meetings |
| Study 10 | of; 's; s' | Appendix C | Nouns |
| Study 11 | Vocabulary review 1-10 | Appendix D | Verbs |
| Study 12 | Future actions; today; come, go, learn | Appendix E | Adjectives |
| Study 13 | Past actions; not done (mëi) | Appendix F | Adverbs |
| Study 14 | a book; "yðbën …"; house; give, take, learn | Appendix G | Vocabulary English to Mandarin |
| Study 15 | If, then | Appendix H | Vocabulary Mandarin to English |
| Study 16 | Connectives: and, but; there is, there is not | Appendix I | Incremental Phrases |
| Study 17 | Interrogatives: what? who? | ||
| Study 18 | Relative pronouns: such thing = what; such person = who | ||
| Study 19 | Prepositions: to, through, from | Exercises set for Studies | |
| Study 20 | Locations: up, in, by | ||
| Study 21 | with, before, since | ||
| STUDY 1 |
VOCABULARY 1.1
[Instructor: Clap. Memory prompt: think of lively "Juanita" dancing to the music of ‘men’ playing on stringed instruments.…
Students clap and sing,
"wó … nï … tå" ]| wó * | I |
| nï | you |
| tå | he, she, it |
PRACTICE 1.1
[Instructor: Clap, repeat prompt: "Juanita" >>>>
Get all to stand, gesturing :-
wó point to self (= 1st. person)
nï point to partner (= 2nd. person)
tå point to another (= 3rd. person)
Repeat singing and clapping.
Repeat gesturing without singing.
Repeat singing and clapping.
Repeat singing and gesturing.]
VOCABULARY 1.2
| huånyîng * | Welcome! |
| qïng | Please! |
| pøtñnghuè | Mandarin |
| xiìxie | Thanks! |
* See guidance on Mandarin pronuciation and Pinyin script.
Check especially "h", "q", and "x" in Vocabulary 2.1.
Check tones and tonal marks in Vocabulary 3.2.
| STUDY 2 |
VOCABULARY 2.1
Pinyin script provides an approximate method for representing the pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese. Some letters are pronounced as in English, but some have very different sounds. Pronunciation also varies in different regions, but the following guidance is generally acceptable.
INDIVIDUAL |
SOUNDS | ||
Letters |
Pronounciation |
Letters |
Pronunciation |
a |
a as in "atone" | o |
o as in "or" |
b |
b as in "bag" | p |
p as in "pun" |
c |
ts as in "bats" | q |
as chh in "matchhead" |
ch |
tsh as in "hatshop" | r |
r rolled as in "curl" |
d |
d as in "dog" | s |
s as in "sat |
e |
e as in "the book" | sh |
like sh in "rashly" |
f |
f as in "fun" | t |
t as in "top" |
g |
g hard as "get" | u |
u as in "put" (See group below) |
h |
guttural like ch in "loch" | w |
w as in "water" |
i |
i as in "pin" | wu |
like u, not wu |
j |
j as in "jam" | x |
like s in "see" |
k |
k as in "kitchen" | y |
like y as in "yam" |
l |
l as in "love" | yi |
yi is i, not yi |
m |
m as in "mug" | z |
like ds in "suds" |
n |
n as in "nibble" | zh |
like dge in "hedgeless" |
SPECIAL |
VOWEL |
GROUPS | AND | SYLLABLES | |
Group |
Sounds like |
Group |
Sounds like |
Group |
Sounds like |
eng |
bung | iu |
yoyo | ue |
ú-ye |
ia |
yarn | ou |
dough | ui |
win |
ian |
yen, try any | (j, q, x)u |
ú as German | uo |
wall |
iang |
young | ua |
wax | ú |
ú as German ú; |
iao |
yowl | uai |
wide | chew your food | |
ie |
yen | uan |
won | ||
iong |
yong | uang |
wangle |
Easier recognizable sound groups are: aisle; ban; bang; naos/(now); eight; pen; ring.
| STUDY 3 |
VOCABULARY 3.1
| …men | _s (plural ending) |
| hço * | well, good fine |
(* Remember "h" is pronounced raspingly, like "ch" in Scottish "loch")
VOCABULARY 3.2
Mandarin is pronounced with tones. These are indicated in Pinyin script by tone marks.
Mandarin Tone |
Pinyin Tone mark |
Description of Tone |
Example |
| First tone | à |
high and level pitch | må (mother) |
| Second tone | á |
starts high and rises | mæfan (trouble) |
| Third tone | â |
falls first and then rises | mç (horse) |
| Fourth tone | ã |
starts high and then falls | mè (scold) |
| (Toneless) | (No mark) |
unstressed or neutral | ma (eh, surely!) |
GRAMMAR 3.1
| wómen hço. | We [are] fine. |
| nïmen hço. | YOU [are] fine. |
| tåmen hço. | They [are] fine. |
Note that the verb word indicating "being" can be omitted, where the clause just has a ‘subject’ (doer) and an adjective describing the doer.
PRACTICE 3.1
[Students split into groups of three and exchange statements using:-
wó, nî, tå, wómen, nïmen, tåmen, hço.]
| STUDY 4 |
VOCABULARY 4.1
| ma? | mm, eh, surely, is it so? |
PRACTICE 4.1
| wó hço ma? | How am I? I'm O.K., eh? |
| nï hço ma? | You're O.K., mm? How are you? |
| tå hço ma? | Is it O.K.? It's fine, mm? He's well? |
PRACTICE 4.2
| wómen hço ma? | How are we? We're O.K., surely? |
| nïmen hço ma? | How are you? YOU're fine, eh? |
| tåmen hço ma? | How are they? They're O.K., mm? |
PRACTICE 4.3
Questions (wìntî) and Answers (dæfù)
| Q | wó hço ma? | A | nï hço! |
| nï hço ma? | wó hço! | ||
| tå hço ma? | tå hço! | ||
| wómen hço ma? | nïmen hço! | ||
| nïmen hço ma? | wómen hço! | ||
| tåmen hço ma? | tåmen hço! |
PRACTICE 4.4
[Students work in groups of three, and exchange questions and answers.]
| STUDY 5 |
VOCABULARY 5.1
| hën | very or, as a substitute for ‘is indeed’ |
| bù (bö before a fourth tone syllable ã) |
not |
PRACTICE 5.1
| wó hën hço! | I sure [am] fine! I['m] very well. |
| wó bù hço. | I [am] not well. |
| wó bù hën hço. | I [am] not very well. |
PRACTICE 5.2
[Students in twos or threes converse and iterate through the following examples.]
Questions (wìntî) and Answers (dæfù)
| wó hço ma? | nï hën hço! | ||
| nï hço ma? | wó bù hço. | ||
| tå hço ma? | tå hën hço! | ||
| wómen hço ma? | nïmen bù hço! | ||
| nïmen hço ma? | wómen hën hço! | ||
| tåmen hço ma? | tåmen bù hço! | ||
| tåmen hço ma? | tåmen bù hën hço! |
PRACTICE 5.3
[Instructor splits students into groups of three. Students converse, exchanging questions and answers.]
| STUDY 6 |
VOCABULARY 6.1
| shð | [to] be (am, is, are) |
| zèi | [to] be located, present, alive; exist |
| rìnshi | know, be acquainted with |
| dö; [nièn …] | read; [read …aloud] |
| kèn | [to] read, look and comprehend; [to] look at; [to] watch |
PRACTICE 6.1
| wó | shð | John. | I am (=‘be’) John. | |||
| wó | rìnshi | Jack. | I know Jack. | |||
| tå | bö | rìnshi | Jill. | He ‘not know’ (doesn't know) Jill. | ||
| wó | bö | shð | Jim. | I ‘not be’ (am not) Jim. | ||
| tå | rìnshi | Fred | ma? | He knows Fred, eh? |
PRACTICE 6.2
[Instructor splits students into groups of three. Students converse, introducing themselves and others, making statements, and exchanging questions and answers. Use rìnshi, shð, and bö.]
PRACTICE 6.3
wó |
||
nï |
||
tå |
||
wómen |
dö |
tå |
nïmen |
kèn |
|
tåmen |
||
qïng |
[Instructor gets students to make statements, questions, and instructions using theses elements.]
| STUDY 7 |
VOCABULARY 7.1
| pêngyou * | friend(s) |
| xiåoxi; xðnxí | message |
| yîge ‡ | a (can be for a thing or a person) |
| yi | one |
| -ge † | a ‘measure word’ used generally |
* Note that the syllable "you" in pêngyou is a neutral tone, even in effect.
‡ Pronounce ‘ge’ hard as in English ‘get’, (never soft as in ‘gel’).
† A ‘measure word’ is used for focusing on a thing, person or action. ‘ge’ is acceptable for general use. See Vocabulary 14.1 and Study 24 for others.
[Instructor's hints: ‘penfriend’, ‘penguin’?]
[Instructor comments to students about the use of various ‘measure words’. Are there any in English? Perhaps think of manage-r, manage-ress, sheep-flock. Refer also to Vocabulary 14.1 about "bën" for ‘a volume of’.]
PRACTICE 7.1
| yîge pêngyou | a friend |
| nï shð yîge pêngyou ma? | You are a friend, eh? Are you a friend? |
| wó shð yîge pêngyou! | I am a friend! |
| tåmen bö shð hço pêngyou. | They aren't good friends. |
[Instructor randomly points at students and each responds with statements or questions using these elements.]
wó/nï/tå wómen/nïmen/tåmen |
+ |
shð bö shð |
+ |
yîge pêngyou pêngyou |
PRACTICE 7.2
wó/nï/tå wómen/nïmen/tåmen qïng |
+ |
dö kèn bù dö |
+ |
yîge hço xiåoxi |
| STUDY 8 |
VOCABULARY 8.1
| rên | person; persons, people |
| dñngxi | thing(s) |
| zhì * | this (some person or thing here) |
| zhìge | this … |
| nè | that (some person or thing there) |
| nège | that … |
* Note, pronounce ‘zh’ like the English ‘dge’ in ‘hedgeless’.
PRACTICE 8.1
| wó | rìnshi | zhìge rên. | I know this person. | |
| zhì | shð | yîge pêngyou. | This is a friend. | |
| nège rên | shð | yîge pêngyou | ma? | That person is a friend, mm? |
| nè | bö shð | yîge pêngyou | That is not a friend. | |
| zhìge pêngyou | rìnshi | nège rên | This friend knows that person. | |
| tå | bö rìnshi | nège rên | She doesn't know that person. |
PRACTICE 8.2
[Instructor dictates to students the sentences in Exercise 8.1, and they write the Pinyin.]
PRACTICE 8.3
[Instructor reads the sentences in Exercise 8.1. they write the English translation.]
PRACTICE 8.4
[Instructor reads the sentences in Exercise 8.2. they write the Mandarin translation.]
PRACTICE 8.5
[Instructor leads game of "Old Grady says do this, do that" using "this", "that", "zhì", and "nè"]
| STUDY 9 |
VOCABULARY 9.1
| ...xié * | ...se (plural determiner); some |
| zhìxié | these; these ones |
| nèxié | those; those ones |
* Note, remember to pronounce ‘sh’ like the English ‘sh’ in ‘rashly’, but
pronounce ‘x’ rather like ‘hss’ or the ‘s’ in ‘see’.
PRACTICE 9.1
| zhìxié rên | shð | hço pêngyou. | These persons are good friends. |
| zhìxié | shð | hço pêngyou. | These are good friends. |
| nèxié pêngyou | shð | hço rên. | Those friends are good persons. |
| nèxié pêngyou | rìnshi | zhìxié rên. | Those friends know these people. |
[Instructor uses students in threes, doing Columns 1, 2, and 3, respectively.]
PRACTICE 9.2
| zhìxié | rìnshi | nèxié rên. | These know those people. |
| nïmen | rìnshi | zhìxié hço pêngyou. | YOU know these good friends. |
[Instructor uses students in threes, doing Columns 1, 2, and 3, respectively.]
PRACTICE 9.3
[Students work in twos or threes. Taking turns, one says the Mandarin in Practices 9.1 and 9.2; then the next turns the statement into a question by adding "ma?"; then another student says the negative of this by putting "bö" in front of "shð" or "rìnshi".]
PRACTICE 9.4
[Instructor reads sentences in Exercise 9.1, and students write the Pinyin.]
| STUDY 10 |
VOCABULARY 10.1
| de | of; …'s; …s' |
| wóde | of me; my |
| nïde | of you; your |
| tåde | of him, her, it; his, her, its |
| wómende | of us; our |
| nïmende | of YOU; YOUR |
| tåmende | of them; their |
[Instructor randomly points at students and quizes them on translation of a Mandarin or English word listed.]
PRACTICE 10.1
| wó | shð | nïde |
pêngyou. | I am your friend. | |
nège |
rên | shð | wóde |
pêngyou. | That person is my friend. |
tåmende |
pêngyou | bö shð | hço rên. | Their friends are not good people. | |
| zhìxié | rìnshi | tåde |
pêngyou. | These know her friends. |
[Instructor touches articles in the room (such as a pencil). Individual students upon demand simultaneously point at self and say "wóde …" (such as "wóde pencil"); or look at someone else and say "nïde …"; or just point away at someone else and say "tåde …".
With discretion, a game could be played, eliminating anyone who does the wrong combination of gesture and words!]
STUDY 11 |
VOCABULARY 11.1 (Review of Words Learned)
This is a review of all the vocabularies covered in Studies 1-10.
[See Vocabulary 2.1 for guidance on Mandarin pronuciation and Pinyin script.
Check especially tones and tonal marks in Vocabulary 3.2.]
| a, an yîge, etc. (Appendix shows
more ‘measure words’.) Use yð before …à, …á, or …â, else yî answer dæfù be (am, is, are) shð be present zèi exist zèi fine hço friend pêngyou good hço he tå her … tåde … his tåde I wó indeed, surely hën is it so? ma? it tå its tåde know rìnshi Mandarin pøtñnghuè message xiåoxi; xðnxí mm, is it so? ma? my wóde not bù (Note: bö shð) of … …de one yí |
our wómende person, people rên Please! qïng! question wìntî read dö read … aloud dö …; kèn … …s …men …'s, …s' …de Thanks! xiìxie! that (pronoun) nè that … nège … their tåmende these; these … zhìxié; zhìxié … they tåmen thing dñngxi this (pronoun) zhì this … zhìge … those; those … nèxié; nèxié … very hën we wómen Welcome! huånyîng! well hço you nï YOU nïmen your nïde YOUR nïmende |
STUDY 12 |
VOCABULARY 12.1 (Future Actions)
| huð | will (future action) |
| jíntiån | today |
| mîngtiån | tomorrow |
| xiènzèi | now |
| nèshî; dångshî | then; at that point in time |
| læi | [to] come |
| qù | [to] go |
| xuêxî | [to] study, learn |
GRAMMAR 12.1
| wó huð xuêxî tå | I will study it. |
PRACTICE 12.1
| wó | jíntiån | bö | huð | læi |
| wó nï tå wómen nïmen tåmen zhìge rên |
[mîngtiån] [jíntiån] [xiènzèi] [nèshî] |
[bö] |
[huð] (‘huð’ can be omitted, if a word like ‘mîngtiån’ makes it obvious that the action will take place in the future.) |
qù læi xuêxî tå dö tå |
PRACTICE 12.2
[Students work in pairs exchanging questions and answers.]
nï |
huð læi? |
wó |
huð læi. |
|||
wó |
bö |
huð læi. |
||||
tå |
jíntiån |
xuêxî? |
tå |
jíntiån bù |
xuêxî. |
|
tå |
mîngtiån |
[huð] xuêxî. |
STUDY 13 |
VOCABULARY 13.1 (Past Actions)
| … le | did … , have done …
(past action) (See dictionary under "have") |
| mêi … | did not … ; have not done … |
| zuòtiån | yesterday |
| dèhuð | meeting, assembly, convention |
| lù | road, way, means |
| fångfæ; [fångshð] | way, manner; [method, style] |
GRAMMAR 13.1
| wó xuêxî pøtñnghuè le | I did study (I studied) Mandarin. |
| wómen rìnshi tåmen le | We knew them. |
GRAMMAR 13.2
| wó mêi xuêxî pøtñnghuè | I did not study Mandarin. |
| wómen mêi rìnshi tåmen | We knew them not; we didn't know them. |
PRACTICE 13.1
| wó læi le | I came. |
| nï qù dèhuð le | You went [to the] meeting. |
| tå xuêxî le | He studied. |
| nïmen rìnshi tåmen le | YOU knew them. |
| wó mêi læi | I did not come. |
| nï mêi qù | You did not go. |
| tå mêi xuêxî | He did not study. |
| nïmen mêi rìnshi wómen | YOU did not know us. |
[Students work in pairs and converse.]
STUDY 14 |
VOCABULARY 14.1 (Another ‘Measure Word’)
| yðbën … (= yí + bën) | a … ; an … ; (e.g. a volume of …) |
| shõ | book |
| fængzi | house |
| gëi | [to] give |
| næ | [to] take, grasp hold |
| shuñ | [to] say …, speak … |
| shuñhuè | [to] converse with; speak words to |
| gèosu | [to] tell; [to] say to |
Generally use "yð…", but use "yî…" before 4th tone (…ã) or plain. Hence, yðbën but yîge.
PRACTICE 14.1
| yðbën shõ | a book |
| qïng dö zhìbën shõ, nèbën shõ | Please read this book, that book |
PRACTICE 14.2
wó |
gëi |
nï |
wóde fængzi le |
I gave you my house. | |
nï |
gëi |
wó |
tåmende shõ |
You give me their book. | |
wómen |
huð gëi |
tåmen |
yðbën shõ |
We will give them a book. |
PRACTICE 14.3
| qïng, nï næ wóde shõ. | Please, take my book. |
| wó gëi nï wóde shõ le. | I gave you my book. |
| nï mêi gëi wó nïde shõ. | You did not give me your book. |
| wó jíntiån bö huð næ nèbën shõ. | I will not take that book today. |
| nïde fængzi hën hço | Your house is very good. |
[Students work in threes and converse.]
STUDY 15 |
VOCABULARY 15.1 (Conditional Sentences)
| yèoshi … , (jiù) … | If (in the case that) …, (then) … [see ‘whether’] |
| jiçrö [or yèoshð] …, … | If (supposing that) …, … |
| röguó …, (nèmuó) … | If (on the condition) that …, (then) … |
VOCABULARY 15.2
| zhídao | [to] know, have knowledge of a fact |
| [zèi] zhìr; [zèi] zhìlï | [located; be located] here |
| [zèi] nèr; [zèi] nèlï | [located; be located] there |
GRAMMAR 15.1
| yèoshð nï bù hën hço* , wó (jiù)† bö huð qù nèr. | If you are not very well, (then) I will not go there. |
| yèoshð mîngtiån nèxié shõ [huð] læi, wómen huð xuêxî tåmen. | If tomorrow those books [‘will’] come, we will study them. |
* When a third tone (…â) precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a second tone (…á).
Hence "hën hço" is pronounced ‘hên hço’. † Note word order with jiù after the noun wó.
GRAMMAR 15.2
| jiçrö nïde shõ bö zèi nèr, nï zhídao tå ma? | If (supposing) your book is not there, will you know it? |
| jiçrö tå zèi nèr, tå huð læi ma? | If he is there, will he come? |
GRAMMAR 15.3
| röguó nï xöexî, wó huð læi nèr. | If you study, I will come there. |
| röguó tåmen læi zhìlï, wómen xuêxî zhìbën shõ. | If they come here, we study this book. |
STUDY 16 |
VOCABULARY 16.1 (Connectives)
| … hê … | and |
| … dènshð …; … këshð … | but |
| bù … êr … | not … but …; and not …; but not … |
| … nèshî …; … dångshî … | [and] then |
| … huô[zhë] … huô[zhë] … | (either) … or … |
| … hæishð … | … or (alternatively) … |
| … bùræn … | … or (otherwise) … |
GRAMMAR 16.1
| wó hê nï shð hço pêngyou | I and you are good friends. |
| wó hço dènshð nège rên bù hço | I'm fine, but that man is not well. |
| tå huð læi nèshî wómen huð xuêxî | He will come [and] then we'll study. |
| wó huôzhë jíntiån huôzhë mîngtiån [huð] læi. | I'll come either today or tomorrow. |
| tå huð læi jîntian hæishð mîngtiån | He'll come today or tomorrow. |
| wómen qù nèr bùræn tå bù xuêxî! | We go there or else he does not study! |
PRACTICE 16.1
| tå huð læi hê tå xuêxî wómende shõ. | He'll come and he'll study our book. |
| tå læi le dènshð wó mêi zhídao | He came, but I did not know. |
| tå huð læi zhìr nèshî nïmen huð qù | She will come here, then YOU'll go. |
| huôzhë wó huôzhë nï huð qù nèr | Either I or you will go there. |
| nï jín tian huð xuêxî nïde shõ hæishð wóde shõ ma? | Today will you study your book or my book? |
| wó zuòtiån xuêxî nèbën shõ le, bùræn wó bö huð zhídao dæfù | Yesterday I studied that book, or I would not know the answers. |
| tå huð læi xiènzèi bùræn wó qù nèr | He'll come now, or I (will) go there. |
VOCABULARY 16.2 (More Connectives)
| yíncï …; suóyï … | therefore …; so, … |
| yuænyín | [this is the] reason |
| yínwìi … | as …; since …; because [of] … |
| [omit ] | … that … |
| shðfóu | whether |
| [mêi] yóu … | have [not] …; there is [not] …; there are [not] … |
GRAMMAR 16.2
| wó bù hço yíncï wo bö huð læi. | I'm not well therefore I'll not come. |
| yínwìi tå xuêxî tåde shõ le suóyï tå rìnshi zhìge rên. | As he studied his book, [so] he knew (knows) this person. |
| wó bù zhídao shðfóu tå huð læi | I don't know whether he will come. |
| tå bù zhídao nï huð læi zhìlï hæishð wómen huð qù nèr | He doesn't know whether you will come here or whether we'll go there. |
| yuænyín wó bö huð qù nèr | For this reason I will not go there. |
| jíntiån yóu dèhuð … | Today there is a meeting … |
| … dènshð mêi yóu shõ | … but there are no books. |
PRACTICE 16.2
| wó xuêxî shõ le, … … yíncï wó zhídao dæfù |
I studied the book, … … therefore I know the answer. |
| tå mêi gëi wó tåde shõ yuænyín wó jíntiån bö huð gëi nï nè | He didn't give me his book. For this reason I won't give you that today. |
| yínwìi nï læi le, suóyï nïmen jíntiån huð xuêxî nïde shõ | Since you have come, we'll study your book today. |
| wó zhídao nï bù hën hço | I know [that] you are not very well. |
| nï zhídao ma shðfóu fængzi shð zhìr? | Do you know if the house is there? |
| Yóu yîge fængzi, dènshð mêi yóu lù! | There is a house, but there is no road! |
STUDY 17 |
VOCABULARY 17.1 (Interrogatives, Questions)
| shênme …? | what …? |
| shêi …? | who …? |
| wìishênme …? | why …? (what … for?) |
| shênme shîhou … ? | when …? (what time …?) |
| nçlï …? nçr …? | where …? |
GRAMMAR 17.1
| zhìge dèhuð shênme? | What is this meeting? |
| nè(ge dñngxi) shð shênme? | What's that (thing)? |
| nè(ge rên) shð shêi? | Who's that (person)? |
| shêi qù nèr? | Who goes there? |
| tåmen wìishênme bù læi? | Why aren't they coming? |
| nï shênme shîhou xuêxî? | When do you study? |
| nïde fængzi zèi nçlï? | Where is your house? |
PRACTICE 17.1
| tåmen zhìr xuêxî shênme? | What do you study there? |
| nï zhídao shênme? | What do you know? |
| nïmen shð shêi? | Who are you? |
| shêi zuòtiån læi le? | Who came yesterday? |
| nï wìishênme bù zhídao nè? | Why don't you understand that? |
| tå wìishênme næ wóde shõ le? | Why did he take my book? |
| tåmen shênme shîhou huð qù dèhuð? | When will they go to the meeting? |
| wómende shõ zèi nçlï? | Where is our book? |
| dèhuð de fængzi zèi nçr? | Where is the house of meeting? |
| nï wìishênme bö huð læi zhìr? | Why will you not come here? |
VOCABULARY 17.2 (More Interrogatives, Questions)
| zënme …? zënyèng | how …? (in what manner …? |
| duñ [shén] …? | how [far, much] …? (what extent) |
| duñshço …? | how much … ? how many …? |
| shêi de? shuî de? | who's? |
| nç [yî]ge? (singular); nçxié? (plural) | which? [Change ‘ge’, if necessary] |
| mèma, mø qín | mother |
| bèba, fù qín | father |
GRAMMAR 17.2
| nïde pêngyou jíntiån duñ hço? | How well is your friend today? |
| nïmen yóu duñshço rên? | How many of you are there? |
| zhìge fængzi shð shêi de? | This house is who's? |
| nïmen xuêxî nçbën shõ? | Which book do YOU study? |
| nïmen xuêxî nçxié shõ? | Which books do YOU study? |
PRACTICE 17.2
| nï zënme huð læi zhìr? | How will you come here? |
| tåmen xuêxî duñ shén le? | How [far] did you study? |
| duñshço fængzi shð nïmende? | How many houses are YOURS? |
| nï yóu duñshço pêngyou? | You have how many friends? |
| shêi de shõ zèi zhìr? | Whose book is here? |
| nège rên shð shêi de pêngyou? | That person is whose friend? |
| tå qù le shêi de fængzi? | He went to which house? |
| wómen huð xuêxî nçbën shõ? | We will study whose book? |
| tåmen zënme qù nèr le? | How did they go there? |
| nçge rên gëi nï zhìbën shõ le? | Which person gave you this book? |
| zhìlï zèi duñshço shõ? | Here are how many books? |
| tå shð shêi de mèma? | She is whose mother? |
| shêi de bèba gëi nï nè le? | Whose father gave you that? |
STUDY 18 |
VOCABULARY 18.1 (Uses of "de")
| shðdang | proper, suitable |
| dèo … | can, [to] be able to accomplish … |
| zuô | [to] do; [to] make |
| dðfang | place |
GRAMMAR 18.1 (Uses of "de"; Relatives and Correlatives)
| … de | 1 | ‘of …’ |
| 2 | of possessor ‘…’ | |
| 3 | of quality described as ‘…’ | |
| 4 | the thing of the quality described as ‘…’ | |
| 5 | of manner described as ‘…’ | |
| 6 | of action described as ‘…’ | |
| 7 | Possibility of an action | |
| 8 | of relative/correlative description ‘…’ |
GRAMMAR 18.2 (Use of "de" : ‘Of’)
| fængzi de lù | way of the house |
| dèhuð de fængzi | house of the meeting; meeting house |
GRAMMAR 18.3 (Use of "de" : Possession)
| wóde shõ | my book |
| wóde | mine |
| wóde shõ shð zhìr | My book is here. |
| nè shð wóde | That is mine. |
| wó * mèma | my mother |
| nï * bèba de shõ | your father's book; the book of your father |
* NOTE: Omit "de" for closely related persons
GRAMMAR 18.4 (Use of "de" : Quality — Adjectives Describing Nouns)
Use "de" if the quality described is |
written in more than one character |
| hën hço de pêngyou | very good friend(s) |
| bù hço de rên | not a good person; bad person(s) |
Omit "de" if the quality is described |
using only one written character |
| hço pêngyou | good friend(s) |
GRAMMAR 18.5 (Use of "de" : Person or Thing of the Quality Described)
| hço de shð wóde | The good one is mine |
GRAMMAR 18.6 (Use of "de" : Manner — Adjectives to Form Adverbs)
| shðdang | proper, suitable |
| shðdang de | properly, suitably |
| tå shðdang de shuñ | He speaks properly |
GRAMMAR 18.7 (Use of "de" : Action — Forming an Adverbial Phrase)
| nï shuñ de hën hço | How you speak is very good. You speak very well. |
| tå shuñ de bù hço. | How he speaks is not good. He speaks badly. |
| wó shð zuòtiån læi de | I came yesterday ! (Emphasis) |
GRAMMAR 18.8 (Use of "de" : Possible Result of an Action)
| zuô de dèo | can manage to; is capable of doing |
| wómen shuñ de xuêxî | We [would] learn to speak |
| wómen shuñ bù xuêxî * | We would not learn to speak |
* For a negative possibility, ‘bù’ replaces ‘de’.
GRAMMAR 18.9 (Use of "de": Relative and Correlative Pronouns)
| …… de | ‘person or thing of this description’ |
The use of "de" transforms the words "… …" into a noun or a ‘noun phrase’. |
|
| zhì shð (shuñhuè hço de ) pêngyou | This is a friend (who speaks well). |
This is a friend ([of this description:] "he speaks well"). |
|
The above example has expressed the relative pronoun "who". Also, "de" is used to express the relative forms of what, who, where, why, when, how, whose, and which. |
|
| (hço fængzi de ) rên | person (of / with a nice house) |
GRAMMAR 18.10
| zhì shð (tå * gëi wó de) | This is (what he gave me). This is (the thing that he gave me). |
This is ([the thing of this description:] "he gave it"). |
| nège rên shð (hço de) pêngyou | That person is a friend (who is good). | That person is a friend ([of this description:] "good".) |
| nèxié (bù xuêxî de) rên | Those are persons (who don't study). | Those are persons ([of this description:] "they don't study"). |
| * "suó" can be inserted for | ‘whatever’— wó suó shuñ de | whatever I said |
GRAMMAR 18.10 (Continued)
| zhì shð (wó bù xuêxî nèbën shõ de) yuænyín | This is the reason (why I don't study that book). | This is the reason ([of this description:] "I don't study that book"). |
| mîntiån shð (wómen qù dèhuð nèshî de) * | Tomorrow is (when we go to the meeting). | Tomorrow is ([the time of this description:] "we go to the meeting then). |
| zhì shð (tåmen xuêxî de) fængzi | This the house (where we study). | This is the house ([of this description:] "we study"). |
| zhì shð (wómen qù wómende dèhuð de) lù | This is how we go to our meeting. | This is the way ([of this description:] "we go to our meeting"). |
| nè shð (wó xuêxî tåde shõ de) rên | That is the person whose book I study. | That is the person ([of this description:] "I study his book"). |
| zhì shð (nï gëi de) shõ | This is the book which you gave. | This is the book ([of this description:] "you gave"). |
| wó qù (zað nïde fængzi lï de) dèhuð | I'm going to the meeting which is in your house. | I'm going to the meeting ([of this description:] "in your house"). |
| * "nèshî" can be omitted |
STUDY 19 |
VOCABULARY 19.1 (Direction)
| hê …; tòng …; gén … | to … (speaking ‘with’ a hearer) |
| dèo … | to … (a place) |
| chuångguô … | through: from one side to the other |
| tñngguô … | through: by way of, via … |
| fìng … de mîng | through …; in the name of … |
| còng … | from … (from such place, e.g. China) |
| còng … chõ | from …; out from …; out of … |
| lùguô | pass by way of |
GRAMMAR 19.1
nï |
gén |
wó |
shuñhuè |
le. |
You spoke to (with) me. | |
tå |
huð gëi |
nï |
wóde shõ. |
She will give you my book. | ||
tå |
huð gëi |
nïmen |
nèbën shõ. |
He will give YOU that book | ||
wó |
tñngguô |
zhìbën shõ |
xuêxî |
le. |
I learned by way of this book. | |
tå |
lùguô |
nège |
fængzi |
le. |
It came through that house. | |
nï |
còng |
Zhñng-guò |
læi |
ma? |
You came (come) from China, mm? | |
tå |
còng |
wóde fængzi chõ |
læi |
le. |
He came [out] from my house. | |
wó |
còng |
zhìgì |
xuêxî |
tå le. |
I learned it from this. |
wó shuñ fìng wó bèba de mîng |
I speak in the name of my father. |
VOCABULARY 19.2 (Purpose)
| gëi …; wìi … | for … [a beneficiary] |
| wìi[le] … | for the purpose of … |
| yòuyö … | due to … |
| êr … | on the grounds of; because of (linking the cause of an action with the action itself) |
| tð …; dèi … | on behalf of … |
GRAMMAR 19.2
| nèbën shõ shð gëi zhìge rên | That book is for this person. |
| zhì wìi[le] nïde hço dèhuð shð | This is for the purpose of your meeting |
| wómen læile yòuyö nïmende dèhuð | We came due to YOUR meeting. |
| wó læile tð wó bèba | I came on behalf of my father |
STUDY 20 |
VOCABULARY 20.1 (Location)
| (zèi) … lï | (is) in … |
| (zèi) … lïmian | (is) inside … |
| (zèi) … shang [mian] | (is) on … , upon … |
| (zèi) … [mian] | (is) at … |
| … mian | in the location (described by ‘zæi …’) |
GRAMMAR 20.1
tå |
zèi |
shõ |
lï |
It [is] (positioned) in the book. | ||
* |
[zèi] |
fængzi |
lïmian |
… |
Inside the house … | |
tå |
zèi |
shõ |
shang |
[mian] |
It [is] (located) on the book. | |
wó |
zèi |
tåde fængzi |
[mian] |
I [am] (positioned) at his house. |
* Note that ‘zèi’ is normally omitted, if it would start a sentence.
PRACTICE 20.1
[Use words from Study 26 or other vocabulary lists and make more sentences.]
VOCABULARY 20.2
| (zèi) … shang; zèi shèngmian | (is) up, over ; located upon, on top of |
| (zèi) … xiè [mian] | (is) down; under …; below … |
| (zèi) … lï[mian] | (is) in[side] … |
| (zèi) … wèi[bian], (zèi) wèimian | (is) out[side] … |
| (zèi) … qiæn[mian] | (is) [located] ahead; in front of … |
| (zèi) … hôu[mian]; (zèi) … hôu[bian] |
(is) [located] behind … |
| (zèi) … pæng[biån] | (is) by [the side of] …; beside … |
| (zèi) … [fù]yðn | (is) near[by] |
GRAMMAR 20.2
nïde shõ |
zèi |
nè |
shang |
[mian] |
Your book [is] up there | |
fængzi |
zèi |
nè |
shèng |
mian | The house [is] up there. | |
tåde fængzi |
zèi |
zhì |
xiè |
[mian] |
Her house [is] down there. | |
tå |
zèi |
nïde shõ |
lïmian |
It [is] in your book. | ||
wómen |
zèi |
fængzi |
wèibian |
huð læi |
We will come [and be] outside your house. | |
tå |
zèi |
nège fængzi |
lï |
le |
He [was] in that house. | |
wó |
zèi |
nïde fængzi |
hoùmian |
I [am] behind your house. | ||
tå |
zèi |
nïmen |
pængbiån |
qù le |
He went * beside YOU. | |
tåmen |
nèr |
lï |
They [are] in there. |
* [continuing in the position beside; alongside]
PRACTICE 20.1
[Students converse in groups of two, exchanging informative statements.]
STUDY 21 |
VOCABULARY 21.1 (Circumstance)
| (zèi) yông … | with (by means of, by the use of) … |
| hê … (yðqï); gén … yðqï; tòng … | with (in the company of) … |
| mêiyóu … | without … |
| (zèi) … yïqiæn | before … |
| (zèi) … qíjiån | during … |
| (zèi) … yïhôu | after … |
| còng … yïlæi; còng … qï | since …; from … on |
| dèo … | until …; to … |
| guånyö … | about …; on the subject of … |
PRACTICE 21.1
| wó xuêxî nè zèi yông zhìbën shõ. | I study it by means of this book. |
| wó læi dèhuð yïqian le | I came before the meeting. |
| wómen xuêxî dèo dèhuð zhìlï le | We studied here until the meeting. |
| tå læi zèi dèhuð lïmian le | He came in the meeting. |
| tå mêiyóu tåde shõ læi le | He came without his book. |
| wómen bù xuêxî mêiyóu nèbën shõ | We don't study without that book. |
| wómen zèi dèhuð yïhôu qù fængzi | We go to the house after the meeting. |
| wó hën hço còng nège dèhuð yïlæi | I am fine since that meeting. |
| tå hê wó læi zhìlï le | He came here with me. (He and I …) |
| tåmen mêi læi zèi dèhuð qíjiån | They didn't come during the meeting |
| wó zhídao tå còng wó dö zhìge xiåoxi yïlæi | I [have] know[n] it since I read this message |
| tå shuñhuæ guånyö dèhuð ma? | Did he speak about the meeting? |
STUDY 22 |
VOCABULARY 22.1 (Auxilliary Verbs — Desire)
| xïhuan …; xï'èi … | [to] like to …, have an interest in …; [to] enjoy … |
| xíwèng … | [to] like to …, have a desire
to … [to] hope to …; would like to … |
| xiçng … | [to] want to … |
| këwèng … | [to] wish to … |
PRACTICE 22.1
| wó xïhuan xuêxî pøtñnghuè | I like (am interested) to study Mandarin |
| wó xíwèng qù dèhuð | I'd like (hope) to go to the meeting. |
| tå xiçng xuêxî zhìbën shõ | He wants to study this book. |
| tå këwèng shð nïde pêngyou | He wishes to be your friend. |
| tåmen xiçng mîngtiån læi | They want to come tomorrow. |
| nï xïhuan yóu zhìbën shõ ma? | Are you interested to have this book? |
| wó këwèng qù wóde fængzi | I wish to go to my house. |
| nège rên xíwèng shð nèr | That person hopes to be there. |
| wómen xiçng qù nèr | We want to go there. |
| tåmen këwèng læi zhìr | They wish to come here. |
| nï xíwèng dö zhìge xiåoxi ma? | Would you like to read this message? |
| wó këwèng shuñ pøtñnghuè | I wish to speak Mandarin. |
VOCABULARY 22.2 (Auxilliary Verbs — Compulsion)
| xõyèo … | [to] need to …, have to
…; it is necessary that … |
| bðxõ …; yîdðng dëi …; bùdêbù | [to] have an obligation to …; must |
| yîdðng yèo … | [to] to have a necessity to …; must |
| yínggåi … | should …; ought to … |
PRACTICE 22.2
| wó xõyèo xuêxî pøtñnghuè | I need to study Mandarin |
| wó bðxõ qù dèhuð | I must go to the meeting. |
| tå yîdðng yèo xuêxî zhìbën shõ | He must study this book. |
| tå yínggåi shð nïde pêngyou | He should to be your friend. |
| nïmen xõyèo mîngtiån læi | YOU need to come tomorrow. |
| tå yîdðng dëi shuñhuè zhì | He's obligated to say this. |
| nï yínggåi gëi tå tåde shõ | You should give him his book. |
| nï bðxõ læi jíntiån | You have to come today. |
| tå bùdêbù qù nèr | He has no option but to go there. |
| xõyèo nïde fængzi huð zèi nèr | It is necessary that your house [will] be there. |
| wómen yîdðng yèo qù dèhuð | We must go to the meeting. |
VOCABULARY 22.3 (Auxilliary Verbs — Ability)
| kënêng …; yëxø … | may …, [to] have a chance or opportunity to … |
| këyï … | may …, [to] have permission to … |
| nêng … | can … |
| nêng …; dèo … | [to] have a possibility or ability to … |
| huð …; nêng … | can …, [to] know how to … |
| jðnlð …; lðtö … | [to] try (endeavour) to … |
| shð … | [to] try (attempt) to … |
| shðyông … | [to] try out in use… |
| rèng … | [to] let; [to] allow … |
| gëi … | [to] let … be done |
PRACTICE 22.3
| wó këyï xuêxî pøtñnghuè | I'm permitted to study Mandarin. |
| wó kënêng qù dèhuð | I have a chance to go to the meeting. |
| tå nêng xuêxî zhìbën shõ | He can to study this book. |
| tå jðnlð shð tåmende pêngyou | He tries to be their friend. |
| tåmen dèo mîngtiån læi | They could to come tomorrow. |
| nï rèng tå næ wóde shõ ma? | You let him take my book? |
| wómen shð qù dèhuð le | We tried to go to the meeting. |
| tå shðyông xuêxî còng wóde shõ | He is trying to study using our book. |
| wómen rèng tå qù nèr | We let him to go there. |
| tåmende pêngyou dèo læi ma? | Their friend could come, is it so? |
| nï huð shuñ pøtñnghuè ma? | Can you speak Mandarin? |
| wó lðtö shuñ shðdang de pøtñnghuæ | I try to speak Mandarin properly. |
| gëi wó kèn nè! | Let me see that! |
VOCABULARY 22.4 (Combining of Verbs)
| zhén | true |
| bång; bångzhù | [to] help, assist |
| zhù | [to] live, reside |
| huî | [to] return, go back |
| fçngwìn | [to] visit, call on |
| liù xiæ; liùxia; dåi | [to] stay, remain |
| jiènmièn | [to] meet |
| zuô | [to] do, make (something) |
PRACTICE 22.4
| zhìbën shõ shuñ zhên de dñngxi | This book says true things. |
| nï huð bång wó ma? | Can you help me? |
| tåmen zhù zhìr | They live here. |
| tå huî fængzi le | He returned to the house. |
| wómen qù nège rên fçngwìn le | We went to visit that person. |
| tåmen dåi nèr | They stay there. |
| wómen jiènmièn zhìr | We meet here. |
| nï huð zuô zhì ma? | Can you do this? |
PRACTICE 22.5 (Combining of Verbs)
| wó xïhuan zuô nè | I like to do that. |
| wó xíwèng zhù zèi zhìr | I'd like to live here. |
| tå xiçng huî fængzi | He wants to return to his house. |
| wó këwèng qù fçngwìn tå | I wish to go and visit him. |
| yèoshi tåmen jíntiån nêng læi hço le. | I wish they could come today. = If they could come today it would be good. |
| tåmen xõyèo mîngtiån læi. | They'll have to come tomorrow. |
| wómen xõyèo bång tå. | We must go and help him. |
| nï nêng tòng wó jiænmiæn ma? | Can you meet with me? |
VOCABULARY 22.5 (Combining of Verbs)
| mîngbai; lïjië; dóng | [to] understand |
| jièn; (kènjian) | [to] see; ([to] see a sight) |
| kèn | [to] read, look at and comprehend; [to] look at |
| dö …; nièn … | [to] read … aloud |
| xië xðn | [to] write [a letter] |
| èi | [to] love (someone) |
| èihèo | [to] love (something) |
| yóu | [to] have, possess |
PRACTICE 22.6 (Combining of Verbs)
| nï mîngbai pøtñnghuè ma? | Can you understand Mandarin? |
| nï kènjian wóde fængzi ma? | Can you see my house? |
| mîngtiån jièn! | See you tomorrow! |
| wó dö nèbën shõ | I read that book. |
| qïng huð nièn zhì | Please read this aloud. |
| qïng gëi wó xië xðn | Please write me[a letter] |
| nï èi tå ma? | Do you love her? |
| tåmen yóu wìntî ma? | Do they have [any] questions? |
PRACTICE 22.7 (Combining of Verbs)
| wó xïhuan dö shõ | I like to read books. |
| tå xiçng mîngbai zhìgì | She wants to understand this (thing). |
| tåmen xõyèo mîngtiån nièn wómende xiåoxi | They'll have to read aloud our message tomorrow. |
| wómen xõyèo qù kèn nège fængzi | We must go and look at that house. |
| nï nêng kènjian shênme? | What can you see? |
| wó lðtö shuñ zhên de xiåoxi | I try to speak what is (a) true message. |
| wómen mèma rèng wó læi | Our mother let me come. |
| tå èihèo nièn tåde shõ | He loves to read his book aloud. |
STUDY 23 |
VOCABULARY 23.1 (No, Not)
| bù | not, not want to, No |
| mêi yóu | do not have |
| mêi … | did not … |
| bù zèi | no more; not any more; no longer |
| yóngyuçn bù | never (in the future) |
| cònglæi bù | never (present or habitual) |
| cònglæi mêi [yóu] | never (past) |
| bùxø …!; jðnzhï …! | No …; … is not permitted! |
| bù! | No! (responding to positive words) |
| shðde! duð! | [Correct] No! (responding to negative words) |
| shðde!; (bù) | Yes! (No=but yes! faulting negative words) |
PRACTICE 23.1
| wó bù læi | I don't come; I don't want to come. |
| wó bø nêng læi | I can't come. |
| wó yóu shõ | I have [some] books. |
| wó mêi yóu shõ | I do not have [any] books. I have no books. |
| wó gëi le nï tå | I gave you it. |
| wó cònglæi mêi qù nèr | I never went there. |
| wó yóngyuçn bö qù nèr. | I'll never go there |
PRACTICE 23.2
| nï xïhuan ma? … | Do you like it? … |
| … bù, wó bù xïhuan! | … No, I don't like it! |
| nï bù xïhuan, duð ma? … | You don't like it, do you? … |
| … duð, wó bù xïhuan! | … [Correct] No, I don't like it! |
| … shðde, wó bö zèi xïhuan! | … [Correct] No, I don't like it any more! |
| … bù, wó xïhuan tå! | … [Incorrect] Not so, I do like it! |
STUDY 24 |
VOCABULARY 24.1
| zæzhð | leaflet, thin magazine, document |
| yðjièn | idea, opinion |
| huè | painting or drawing |
| wênzhång | article written; editorial; essay |
| zhuñzi | table |
VOCABULARY 24.2 (Measure Words)
| yð… (before …à
…á …â) yî (before …ã …) |
a, an; (one) | yðbën shõ = a book yîge pêngyou = a friend |
| liçng… | a pair of;(two) | liçngbën shõ = a couple of books |
| …ge | (used generally) | yîge pêngyou = a friend |
| …bën | (thick books) | yðbën shõ = a book |
| …fìn | (leaflets, news- papers) |
liçngfìn zæzhð = a pair of leaflets, thin magazines, or documents |
| …cð | (-ce; times) | yîcð = once; liçngcð = twice |
| …zhóng | (kinds of) | liçng zhóng rên = two kinds of people |
| …bièn | (full cycles) | nèbën shõ wó kènle
liçngbièn = I read that book twice [completely]. |
| …diçn | (ideas) | liçngdiçn yðjièn = two opinions |
| …duèn | (sections, parts) | zhìduèn lù = this section of road |
| …fö | (pictures) | yðfö huè = a painting or a drawing |
| …lìi | (types of) | zhìlìi dñngxi = this type of thing |
| …piån | (write-up) | nèpiån wênzhång = that article |
| …tiæo | (item of news) | zhìtiæo xiåoxi (/ xðnxí) = this message |
| …zhång | (flat, squarish) | yîzhång zhuñzi = a table |
| …zuô | (buildings) | yîzuô fængzi = a house |
PRACTICE 24.1
| tå læile zhìr liçngcð | She came here twice. |
| næ zhìfên zæzhð | Take this magazine. |
| nièn nè hço de | Read that [aloud] well. |
| yîzhóng rên shð hço bù hço | Two kinds of person are good and bad. |
PRACTICE 24.1
| zhì shð yîge hço rên | This is a nice person. |
| nï zhídao yîge yuænyín ma? | Do you know a reason? |
| wó mêi kèn nèbën shõ | I did not read that [volume of the] book. |
| gëi wó mèma zhìbën zæzhð | Give my mother that (thick) magazine |
| wóman gëile liçng fìn zæzhð | We gave a pair of (thin) magazines. |
| tå qù nèr liçngcð | He went there on a couple of occasions. |
| wó rìnshi yîzhóng pêngyou | I know one kind of friend. |
PRACTICE 24.2
| tå dåi zèi dèhuð qíjiån liçngbièn | She stayed during [all] the meeting twice. |
| wómen yóu yîdiçn yðjièn guånyö zhên | We have one idea about the truth. |
| zèi nèduèn dèhuð wómen huð xuêxî zhìfìn zæzhð | In that section of the meeting we will study this magazine. |
| nèlìi fèngzi huð hën hço wêi wóde dèhuð | That house will be very good for our meeting. |
| qïng kèn jíntiån nèfìn zæzhð de zhìpiån wên zhång | Please read today this article in that magazine. |
| wó kènjian tå le zèi nèzhång zhuñzi shang | I saw it on that table |
| wó xíwèng zuñ yízuô hço fængzi | I would like to make a nice house. |
STUDY 25 |
VOCABULARY 25.1
| bï | than (in comparison with) |
| zuð | most, the most (indicating the superlative) |
| næn- | male (relating to humans) |
| ný- ; nýxðng de | female (relating to humans) |
| nænhæir | boy |
| nýhæir | girl |
GRAMMAR 25.1
| nè shð hço de shõ | That is a good book. |
| zhìbën shõ shð hço (de) | This book is good. |
| zhìbën shõ shð hën hço de | This book is very good. |
| nèbën shõ shð bù hço de | That book is not good. |
| zhìbën shõ bï nèbën shõ hço | This book is better than that book. (= this book compared to that book is good) |
| zhì bï nè hço | This is better than that. |
| wómende bï tåmende hço | Ours is better than theirs. |
GRAMMAR 25.2
| zhìbën shõ shð zuð hço de | This book is best. |
| zhìbën shõ shð zuð hço de | This book is the best. |
| zhì shð zuð hço de shõ | This is the best book. |
GRAMMAR 25.3
| zhìge nænrên shð tåde nænpêngyou | This man is her boyfriend. |
| wó shð nège nýhæirde bèba | I am that girl's father |
| zhìge nýrên rênshi nège nænhæir | This woman knows that boy. |
| nège nænrên bï nèxié rên hço | That man is better than those people. |
STUDY 26 |
VOCABULARY 26.1 (Vocabulary Review English to Chinese Mandarin)
| > | > |
| a, an yîge, etc. (Study 24 shows more ‘measure words’.) Use yð before …à, …á, or …â, else yî have the ability to; can nêng; dèo about, on the subject of … guånyö … after … [zèi] … yïhôu ahead [zèi] … qiæn[mian] ahead of [zèi] … qièn allow rèng allow to …; let rèng …; gëi … and hê and (joining two verbs or adjectives) … êr … and not êr answer dæfù (an) article writ- ten; essay (yðpiån) wênzhång as, since yínwìi … assembly dèhuð assist; help bång; bångzhù assistance, help bångmång; bångzhù [located] at [zèi] … mian attempt to shð go back; return huî be (am, is, are) shð |
be (be present; be located) zèi because of yínwìi … because of (linking the cause of an action with the action itself) êr before … [zèi] … yïqiæn on behalf of tð …; dèi … behind [zèi] … hôu[mian]; [zèi] … hoù[bian] [located] below [zèi] … xiè[mian] beside … [zèi] … pæng[biån] best, the best zuð hço de better than … bï … hço (a) book (yðbën) shõ boy nænhæir … built things …-zuô (MW) but dènshð; këshð but not êr by (the side of) [zèi] … pæng[biån] by (near to) [zèi] … yðn call on; visit fçngwìn can nêng |
| > | > |
| can; be able to accomplish, manage dèocan; have an ability or poss- ibility to nêng; dèo can; know how to huð; nêng have a chance to …; may … kënêng …; yëxø … China Zhñngguò come læi convention dèhuð converse shuñhuè a couple of liçng- (method as for ‘yð-’: e.g. ‘liçngge’) … (complete) cycles of …-bièn (MW) desire to … xíwèng … did … (past) … le did not … mêi … do, make zuô (a) document (yîfìn) zæzhð down [zèi] xiè (a) drawing (yðfö) huè due to … yòuyö … during … [zæi] … qíjiån (an) editorial; essay (yðpiån) wênzhång (either)… or … huôzhë…huôzhë …; huô … huô … else, otherwise … bùræn … |
endeavour, try jðnlð; lðtö (an) essay; article written (yðpiån) wênzhång exist zèi father bèba; fù qín female … ný- fine hço for [one who benefits] wìi …; gëi … for [the pur- pose of] wìi[le] friend pêngyou from [China] còng [Zhñngguò] from … on; since … còng … yïlæi; còng … qø in front of [zèi] … qiæn[mian] girl nýhæir give gëi go qù good hço grasp hold næ have, possess yóu have not mêi yóu he tå help; assist bång; bångzhù help; assistance bångmång; bångzhù her … tåde … [located] here [zèi] zhìr; [zèi] zhìlï his tåde |
| > | > |
| hope to; would like to … xíwèng … how (in what manner)? zënme? zënyèng? how [far, much] (what extent) duñ [e.g. shén] how much? duñshço? I wó(an) idea (yðdiçn) yðjièn if (in the case that) … then yèoshi … (jiù) if (on the cond- ition that) …, then röguó …, nèmuó … if (supposing) jiçrö [or yèoshi] (an) illustration (yðfö) huè … images of, … copies of (of pictures) …-fö (MW) [located] in [zèi] … lï in (joining in) chånjiå indeed, surely hën [located] inside [zèi] … lïmian have an interest in …; like to xïhuan …; xï'èi … is it so? ma? it tå … (news) item- s of …-tiæo (MW) its tåde … kind(s) of …-zhóng (MW) |
know (be acqu- ainted with) rìnshi know (facts) zhídao (a) leaflet (yîfìn) zæzhð learn xuêxî let; allow to … rèng …; gëi … letter (docu- ment) xðn like to; enjoy xïhuan …; xï'èi …would like to; hope to … xíwèng … live, reside zhù located zèi be located zèi in the location (described by ‘zèi’) … mian love [someone] èi love [some- thing] èihèo (a) thin mag- azine (yîfìn) zæzhð make (some- thing); do zuô male … næn-… man nænrên Mandarin pøtñnghuè manner, way fångfæ may, have a chance to … kënêng …; yëxø … |
| > | > |
| may, have per- mission to … këyï … meet jiènmièn meeting dèhuð (a) message (yðtiæo) xiåoxi; xðnxí method, way fångshð more … than (that) bï (tå) … [the] most … zuð … mother mèma; mø qín mm, is it so? ma? my wóde nearby [zèi] …fùyðn it is necessary that … xõyèo … have a neces- sity to … yîdðng yèo … need to; have to it is necessary that … xõyèo … never (future) yóngyuçn bù never (present or habitual) cònglæi bù never (past) cònglæi mêi [yóu] No bù No! That's not so! (respond- ing to positive words) bù! |
No, as you say! (confirming negative words) shðde! duð! But it is! = No!, that's not the case! (faulting a negative suggestion) shðde!; (bù!) No …! (not permitted) bùxø …!; jðnzhï …! no longer bö zèi no more bö zèi not bù (Note: bö shð) not want to bù now xiènzèi have an oblig- ation to; must bðxõ …; yîdðng dêi …; bùdêbù … of … …de [located] on [zèi] … shang one yí once; one time yîcð (an) opinion (yðdiçn) yðjièn have an oppor- tunity to … kënêng …; yëxø … or (alternative- ly) … hæishð … or (either…or) huôzhë…huôzhë…; huô…huô… |
| > | > |
| or (otherwise) … bùræn
… otherwise … bùræn … ought to … yínggåi … our wómende out [zèi] … wèi[bian]; [zèi] … wèi[mian] outside zèi … wèibian; zèi … wèimian (a) painting (yðfö) huè a pair of liçng- (method as for ‘yð-’: e.g. ‘liçngge’) … parts of …-duèn (MW) pass close to lùguô have permis- sion to; may këyï … person, people rên place dðfang … planar things (flat, squarish) …-zhång (MW) Please! qïng! proper shðdang properly shðdang de question wìntî read dö read (look at and under- stand) … kèn … read aloud [something] niæn …; dö … [the] reason [is] yuænyín remain; stay liù xiæ; liùxia; dåi |
reside, live zhù return, go back huî road, way lù …s …men …'s, …s' …de say … shuñ say to; tell gèosu … sections of …-duèn (MW) see, watch jièn see a sight kènjièn not see a sight kèn bù jièn See you to- morrow mîngtiån jièn! see, understand mîngbai; lïjië; dóng should, ought yínggåi … since, as yínwìi … since, from còng … yïlæi; còng … qø so, therefore yíncï …; suóyï … speak … shuñ speak words to converse shuñhuè stay, remain liù xiæ; liùxia; dåi study xuêxî on the subject of …; guånyö … suitable shðdang suitably shðdang de (a) table (yðzhång) zhuñzi take, grasp næ tell gèosu |
| > | > |
| more … than (that) bï (tå) … Thanks! xiìxie! that (pronoun) nè that … nège … that (conj.) [omit] then, at that moment nèshî; dångshî their tåmende [located] there [zèi] nèr; [zèi] nèlï there are [not] [mêi] yóu there is [not] [mêi] yóu therefore … yíncï …; suóyï … these; these … zhìxié; zhìxié … they tåmen thing dñngxi this (pronoun) zhì this (pronoun, emphasized) zhìgì this … zhìge … those; those … nèxié; nèxié … … thoughts of …-diçn (MW) through (by way of; via) tñngguô … through (from one side to the other) chuångguô … through (in the name of) fìng … de mîng pass through; pass by lùguô |
… time(s) …-cð (MW) once; one time yîcð to (a place) dèo … to (speaking with) hê…; tòng …; gén … today jíntiån tomorrow mîngtiån on top of [zèi] … shèngmian true; genuine zhén a truth zhénlï the truth zhénxiång; zhénshî try, attempt to shð try, endeavour jðnlð; lðtö try out in use shðyòng twice liçngcð two …; pair of liçng- (method as for ‘yð-’: e.g. ‘liçngge’) … types of …-lìi (MW) under [zèi] … xièmian understand mîngbai; lïjië; dóng until …; to … dèo … [located] upon [zèi] … shèngmian use, (a benefit) yòng make use of yòng; shïyòng try out in use shðyông very hën visit; call on fçngwìn visit; see (e.g. a doctor) kèn … volume of …-bën (MW) |
| > | > |
| want to … xiçng … watch kèn way, manner fångfæ way, method fångshð way, road lù way, style fångshð we wómen Welcome! huånyîng! well hço what …? shênme …? whatever suó when? what time? shênme shîhou? where? nçlï? nçr? whether shðfóu which? (sing.) nç [yî]ge? (change ‘ge’ to ‘bën’, etc. as necessary) which? (plural) nçxié? who …? shêi …? whose? shêi de? shuî de? why? for what? wêishênme? will … (future) huð … wish to … këwèng … with (by using) [zèi] yông … with (company) tòng …; hê … (yðqï) gén … yðqï without (not having …) mêiyóu … woman nýrên |
write xië write a letter xië xðn … write-ups of …-piån (MW) Yes! shð(de) That idea is cor- rect, as you say! (confirming negative words) shðde! duð! But yes it is! = that's not the case! (faulting a negative suggestion) shðde!; (bù!) yesterday zuòtiån you nï YOU nïmen your nïde YOUR nïmende |
VOCABULARY 26.2 (Vocabulary Review Chinese Mandarin to English)
| < | < |
| love [someone] èi love [some- thing] èihèo father bèba; fù qín assist; help bång; bångzhù assistance, help bångmång; bångzhù … volume of …-bën (MW) better than … bï … hço more … than (that) bï (tå) … have an oblig- ation to; must bðxõ …; yîdðng dêi …; bùdêbù … … (complete) cycles of …-bièn (MW) No bù No! That's not so! (respond- ing to positive words) bù! But it is! = No!, that's not the case! (faulting a negative suggestion) shðde!; (bù!) have an oblig- ation to; must bðxõ …; yîdðng dêi …; bùdêbù … No …! (not permitted) bùxø …!; jðnzhï …! no longer bö zèi |
no more bö zèi not bù (Note: bö shð) not want to bù No …! (not permitted) bùxø …!; jðnzhï …! else, otherwise … bùræn … in (joining in) chånjiå through (from one side to the other) chuångguô … … time(s) …-cð (MW) once; one time yîcð from [China] còng [Zhñngguò] from … on; since … còng … yïlæi; còng … qø never (present or habitual) cònglæi bù never (past) cònglæi mêi [yóu] remain; stay dåi; liù xiæ; liùxia then, at that moment nèshî; dångshî answer dæfù assembly, convention, meeting dèhuð on behalf of dèi … but dènshð; këshð to (a place) dèo … until …; to … dèo … |
| < | < |
| have the ability to; can nêng; dèo can; be able to accomplish, manage dèo have an oblig- ation to; must yîdðng dêi … of …; …'s, …s' …de (See Study 18 on uses of ‘de’ place dðfang … thoughts of …-diçn (MW) thing dñngxi see, understand mîngbai; lïjië; dóng read; read a- loud dö … parts or sections of …-duèn (MW) No, as you say! (confirming negative words) shðde! duð! [See ‘shðde’] how [far, much] (what extent) duñ [e.g. shén] how much? duñshço? and (joining two verbs or adjectives) … êr … and not êr |
because of (linking the cause of an action with the action itself) êr but not êr manner, way fångfæ method, way fångshð call on; visit fçngwìn through (in the name of) fìng … de mîng (an) illustration (yðfö) huè … images of, … copies of (of pictures) …-fö (MW) father bèba; fù qín nearby [zèi] …fùyðn say to; tell gèosu to (speaking with) tòng …; gén … with (company) tòng …; gén … yðqï give gëi allow to …; let rèng …; gëi … for [one who benefits] wìi …; gëi … about, on the subject of … guånyö … fine, good, well hço or (alternative- ly) … hæishð … and hê |
| < | < |
| to (speaking with) hê…; tòng …; with (company) tòng …; hê … (yðqï) very, indeed, surely hën behind [zèi] … hôu[mian]; [zèi] … hoù[bian] Welcome! huånyîng! (a) drawing, painting (yðfö) huè go back; return huî will … (future) huð … can; know how to huð; nêng (either)… or … huô … huô … (either)… or … huôzhë…huôzhë … today jíntiån endeavour, try jðnlð; lðtö No …! (not permitted) bùxø …!; jðnzhï …! if (supposing) jiçrö [or yèoshi] see, watch jièn See you to- morrow! mîngtiån jièn! meet jiènmièn if (in the case that) … then yèoshi … (jiù) read (look at and under- stand) … kèn … visit; see (e.g. a doctor) kèn |
see a sight kènjièn not see a sight kèn bù jièn have a chance to …; may … kënêng …; yëxø … but dènshð; këshð wish to … këwèng … may, have per- mission to … këyï … come læi … types of …-lìi (MW) did … (past) … le [located] in [zèi] … lï see, understand lïjië; mîngbai; dóng tomorrow mîngtiån [located] inside [zèi] … lïmian a couple of liçng- (method as for ‘yð-’: e.g. ‘liçngge’) endeavour, try jðnlð; lðtö remain; stay liù xiæ; liùxia road, way lù pass close to lùguô mother mèma is it so? ma? did not … mêi … have not; there isn't/aren't mêi yóu without (not having …) mêiyóu … …s …men [located] at [zèi] … mian |
| < | < |
| in the location (described by ‘zèi’) … mian through (in the name of) fìng … de mîng see, understand mîngbai; lïjië; dóng mother mø qín grasp hold næ male … næn-… boy nænhæir man nænrên which? (sing.) nç [yî]ge? (change ‘ge’ to ‘bën’, etc. as necessary) which? (plural) nçxié? where? nçlï? where? nçr? that (pronoun) nè that … nège … that (conj.) [omit] [located] there [zèi] nèlï if (on the cond- ition that) …, then röguó …, nèmuó … [located] there [zèi] nèr then, at that moment nèshî; dångshî those; those … nèxié; nèxié … have the ability to; can nêng; dèo can nêng |
can; know how to huð; nêng you nï YOU nïmen your nïde YOUR nïmende read aloud [something] niæn … female … ný- girl nýhæir woman nýrên beside … [zèi] … pæng[biån] by (the side of) [zèi] … pæng[biån] friend pêngyou … write-ups of …-piån (MW) Mandarin pøtñnghuè during … [zæi] … qíjiån Please! qïng! ahead of [zèi] … qièn ahead; in front of [zèi] … qiæn[mian] go qù allow rèng allow to …; let rèng …; gëi … person, people rên know (be acqu- ainted with) rìnshi if (on the cond- ition that) …, then röguó …, nèmuó … [located] on [zèi] … shang [located] upon [zèi] … shèngmian |
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| who …? shêi …? whose? shêi de? shuî de? what …? shênme …? when? what time? shênme shîhou? why? for what? wêishênme? make use of yòng; shïyòng attempt to; try shð be (am, is, are) shð Yes! shð(de) No, as you say: [Yes, that idea is correct, as you say!] (confirming negative words) shðde! duð! But yes it is! = No!, that's not the case! (faulting a negative suggestion) shðde!; (bù!) proper; suitable shðdang properly suitably shðdang de whether shðfóu try out in use shðyòng (a) book (yðbën) shõ whose? shêi de? shuî de? say …; speak shuñ |
converse shuñhuè whatever suó so, therefore yíncï …; suóyï … he, she, it; also him, her, to it tå her, his, its tåde … they tåmen their tåmende on behalf of tð …; dèi … … (news) items of …-tiæo (MW) through (by way of; via) tñngguô … with (company) tòng …; hê … (yðqï) to (speaking with) tòng …; gén … out(side) [zèi] … wèi[bian]; out(side) [zèi] … wèi[mian] why? for what? wêishênme? (an) article writ- ten; editorial, essay (yðpiån) wênzhång for [one who benefits] wìi …; gëi … for [the pur- pose of] wìi[le] question wìntî I, me wó my wóde we, us wómen our wómende |
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| down [zèi] xiè now xiènzèi desire/hope/ would like to … xíwèng … have an interest in …; like to xïhuan … have an interest in …; like to xï'èi … letter (docu- ment) xðn (a) message (yðtiæo) xðnxí (a) message (yðtiæo) xiåoxi want to … xiçng … [located] below [zèi] … xiè[mian] Thanks! xiìxie! write xië write a letter xië xðn need to; have to it is necessary that … xõyèo … learn, study xuêxî if (in the case that) … then yèoshi … (jiù) if (supposing) jiçrö [or yèoshi] have a chance to …; may … kënêng …; yëxø … one yí so, therefore yíncï …; suóyï … ought to … yínggåi … as, since yínwìi … |
because of yínwìi … once; one time yîcð have an oblig- ation to; must yîdðng dêi … have a neces- sity to … yîdðng yèo … a, an yîge, etc. (Study 24 shows more ‘measure words’.) Use yð before …à, …á, or …â, else yî (an) article writ- after … [zèi] … yïhôu before … [zèi] … yïqiæn (an) idea (yðdiçn) yðjièn (an) idea (yðdiçn) yðjièn by (near to) [zèi] … yðn (an) article writ- ten; editorial, essay (yðpiån) wênzhång with (company) hê … (yðqï) gén … yðqï (a) table (yðzhång) zhuñzi use, (a benefit) yòng make use of yòng; shïyòng try out in use shðyông with (by using) [zèi] yông … due to … yòuyö … never (future) yóngyuçn bù have, possess; there is/are yóu have not; there isn't/aren't mêi yóu |
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| [the] reason [is] yuænyín be (be present; be located; be alive; exist) zèi behind [zèi] … hôu[mian]; behind [zèi] … hoù[bian] [located] in [zèi] … lï [located] inside [zèi] … lïmian [located] at [zèi] … mian [located] there [zèi] nèr; [zèi] nèlï beside …; by (the side of) [zèi] … pæng[biån] during … [zæi] … qíjiån ahead of [zèi] … qièn ahead; in front of [zèi] … qiæn[mian] [located] on [zèi] … shang [located] upon [zèi] … shèngmian out(side) [zèi] … wèi[bian]; out(side) [zèi] … wèi[mian] down [zèi] xiè after … [zèi] … yïhôu before … [zèi] … yïqiæn by (near to) [zèi] … yðn [located] below [zèi] … xiè[mian] [located] here [zèi] zhìlï [located] here [zèi] zhìr (a) document, leaflet, thin magazine (yîfìn) zæzhð how (in what |
manner)? zënme? how (in what manner)? zënyèng? … planar things (flat, squarish) …-zhång (MW) true; genuine zhén a truth zhénlï the truth zhénxiång; zhénshî this (pronoun) zhì this (pronoun, emphasized) zhìgì this … zhìge … these; these … zhìxié; zhìxié … [located] here [zèi] zhìlï [located] here [zèi] zhìr know (facts) zhídao China Zhñngguò … kind(s) of …-zhóng (MW) live, reside zhù (a) table (yðzhång) zhuñzi [the] most … zuð … best, the best zuð hço de yesterday zuòtiån do, make zuô … built things …-zuô (MW) |